Direct Speech (Quoted Speech), di dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut kalimat langsung, yaitu kalimat kutiban (persis) sebagaimana dinyatakan si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech), di dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut kalimat tidak langsung, yaitu kalimat laporan, kalimat menurut pihak lain di dalam menyampaikan pernyataan si pembicara.
Pembahasan.
Pada hari Rabu, Tuti bercerita kepada Sita, mengenai pertemuannya dengan Pranoto kemarin siang (tentunya hari Selasa siang) yang berkata kepada Tuti: “Saya mencintai anda.”
Beberapa hari kemudian, Sita mengatakan kepada kita mengenai pertemuan Tuti itu, hari Rabu lalu dan menceritakan (melapor) kepada kita;
Pranoto berkata kepada Tuti pada se-hari sebelumnya (satu hari sebelum pertemuan Sita dan Tuti) bahwa ia (Pranoto) mencintai nya (Tuti).
Pada contoh terlihat, subject dan object kalimat langsung berubah dalam kalimat tidak langsung, begitu juga dengan keterangan waktu (kemarin menjadi sehari sebelumnya).
Dalam bahasa Inggris, selain perubahan subject, object dan keterangan lainnya, terjadi juga pergeseran tense; mengarah kepada tense masa lampau, karena setiap pelaporan tentunya adalah atas sesuatu hal dimasa lampau.
Pergeseran tense, pengecualian dan contoh kalimat.
Simple Present Tense > Simple Past Tense
1a). John said: “I want you to come with me to the party to night.”
1b). John said that he wanted me to come with him to the party that night.
1c). John said to me: “I love my wife very much.”
1d). John said to me that he loves his wife very much.
1e). John said tome that he loved his wife very much.
1f). The scientists said: “Sharks keep the ocean ecosystem in balance.”
1g). The scientists said that sharks keep the ocean ecosystem in balance.
Present Continuous Tense > Past Continuous Tense
2a). Two days ago Ester said: “I am leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow”
2b). Two days ago Ester said that she was leaving for Hong Kong the day after.
2c). Ester said: “I am seeking a job.”
2d). Ester said that she is seeking a job.
Keterangan:
Dalam hal kalimat laporan adalah present tense, terdapat dua kemungkinan mengenai isi laporan; kemungkinan tidak berlakunya lagi isi laporan dan kemungkinan masih ber lakunya isi laporan.
Masih berlakunya (relevan) isi laporan adalah seperti yang telah dipelajari pada Simple Present Tense (klik untuk melihat artikel dimaksud)
Antara kalimat 1a) dan 1b), terjadi pergeseran tense, karena keinginan John mengajak saya ke pesta tidak berlaku setiap saat.
Antara kalimat 1c dan 1d), tidak terjadi pergeseran tense dalam hal John masih (tetap) sangat mencintai isterinya.
Antara kalimat 1c dan 1 e), terjadi pergeseran tense dalam hal John sudah tidak sangat atau sama sekali tidak mencintai isterinya lagi.
Antara kalimat 1f) dan 1g), tidak terjadi pergeseran tense, kebiasaan ikan hiu (habitual action) dalam memangsa, menjaga keseimbangan ecosystem di samudra.
Antara kalimat 2a) dan 2b), terjadi pergeseran tense oleh karena berubahnya keadaan; bahwa pada hari ini ia mungkin telah berada di Hong Kong (tak lagi dalam perjalanan).
Antara kalimat 2c) dan 2d) tidak terjadi pergeseran tense, apabila keadaan masih tetap sama, isi laporan masih relevan, bahwa Ester masih menganggur.
Present Perfect Tense > Past Perfect Tense
3a). Siti said: “I have booked a room for my brother at this hotel.”
3b). Siti said that she had booked a room for her brother at that hotel.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense > Past Perfect Continuous Tense
4a). Paul explained: “My wife has been waiting for you for an hour.”
4b). Paul explained that his wife had been waiting for me for an hour.
Simple Past Tense > Past Perfect Tense
5a). My wife said: “I bought these glasses yesterday.”
5b). My wife said that she had bought those glasses the day before.
Past Continuous Tense > Past Perfect Continuous Tense
6a). The girls replied: “We were shopping here yesterday afternoon.”
6b). The girls replied that they had been shopping there the afternoon before.
Past perfect Tense > Past Perfect Tense
7a). I said to John’s sister: “I had told you to call your brother last Sunday.”
7b). I said to John’s sister that I had told her to call John previous Sunday.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense > Past Perfect Continuous Tense
8a). I answered: “I had been searching on internet about it for a day.”
8b). I answered that I had been searching on internet about it for the day.
Simple Future Tense > Past Future Tense
9a). He ensured me: “I will take care of it for you in time.”
9b). He ensured me that he would take care of it for me in time.
Future Continuous Tense > Past Future Continuous Tense
10a). My teacher said yesterday: “You will be learning more about it tomorrow.”
10b). My teacher said yesterday that I would be learning more about it today.
Future Perfect Tense > Past Future Perfect Tense
11a). Last year he said: “I will have bought you a beautiful ring next month.”
11b). Last year he said that he would have bought me a beautiful ring the month after.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense > Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
12a). He said: “John will have been doing the decoration by the end of this week.”
12b). He said that John would have been doing the decoration by the end of the week.
Direct-indirect speech untuk kalimat tanya, akan dibicarakan dalam artikel berikutnya. Selamat mengikuti dan hendaklah kita mengingat selalu akan cara belajar yang efektif.
Catatan dan koreksi.
Terjadi kesalahan dengan contoh Future Continuous Tense > Past Future Continuous Tense. Kesalahan mana telah diperbaiki. Harap pembaca memaklumi, terima kasih.